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The Kwakwada'wakw shamans wove branches into head-dresses and costumes and used the branches for scrubbing individuals in purification rites.
The Hesquiat used its branches as incense and decorative clothing for wolf dancers.
Occasionally used as a fuel. Some Aboriginal groups in the Okanagan, made canoes from its bark.
The pitch was applied to bows for a secure grip and rubbed on paddles and scorched for a good finish.
A brown dye from its bark was used in basketry by the Straits Salish, along with a pink dye made by mixing the brown dye with red ochre.
Knots were shaped, steamed and carved into halibut hooks and other types of fish hooks by the Ditidaht, Staits Salish and other coastal groups.
Mixed with stinging nettles, it was boiled and the decoction used for bathing and as a general tonic by the Kwakwaka'wakw and other peoples.
The Lushootseed boiled its needles to make a medicinal tea for colds.
The Ditidaht brought boughs inside as an air freshener or burned them as an incense and to make a purifying smoke to ward off sickness.
The bark was crushed with the barks of red alder and western hemlock and made into an infusion that the Ditidaht drank for internal injuries.
The Hesquiat mixed the pitch of young grand fir trees with oil and rubbed it on the scalp as a deodorant and to prevent balding. (Pojar/Mackinnon)
This is the largest fir in Canada. It can grow up to one metre per year. (Lauriault)
Can grow for up to 250 years. Needles exude orange smell when crushed. Bark becomes thick and scaly in dark brown ridges. (Farrar).
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